Tixi lacquer, a term often associated with the Japanese name “guri lacquer,” is a sophisticated and intricate form of lacquerware with deep historical roots in Chinese artistry. The name “tixi” literally translates to “carved rhinoceros,” a reference that comes from the Chinese characters used to describe “xipi,” or marbled lacquer. The resemblance to a rhinoceros hide is where the term draws its inspiration, though the techniques behind tixi and xipi lacquer are notably distinct.
The Techniques: Tixi vs. Xipi Lacquer
While both tixi and xipi lacquer techniques involve the application of multiple layers of colored lacquer, their methods and aesthetic outcomes differ significantly. Xipi lacquer is characterized by an uneven surface created through the deliberate application of lacquer layers. The colors in xipi are revealed through a process of rubbing down the surface, which results in a marbled effect, reminiscent of natural stone or animal hide.
In contrast, tixi lacquer requires the meticulous preparation of a smooth surface before the layering begins. Once the layers are built up, often alternating in color, the craftsman carves intricate designs into the lacquer, revealing the different colors beneath. These designs are typically executed in wide U-shaped or V-shaped lines, creating a sense of depth and movement on the surface of the object.
Iconography and Symbolism
The most common motifs found on tixi lacquer are scrolling patterns, often referred to by the Japanese term “guri,” which means “pommel scroll.” This name is derived from the designs’ resemblance to the decorative scrolls found on sword pommels. In Chinese, these patterns are known as “jianhuan” or “sword pommel scrolls,” though the term “tixi” remains more widely used.
Among the various designs, the “ruyi yun wen,” or “ruyi cloud pattern,” is the most popular. The ruyi, a symbol of power and good fortune in Chinese culture, takes on a cloud-like form in these patterns, contributing to the mystical and auspicious nature of the objects. The flowing, interconnected lines of the tixi designs create a dynamic visual effect, drawing the viewer’s eye across the surface and inviting contemplation of the symbolic meanings embedded within the patterns.
Historical Context and Evolution
The technique of tixi lacquer can be traced back to at least the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE), though it rose to particular prominence during the Song (960-1279 CE) and Yuan (1279-1368 CE) periods. It was during these eras that tixi lacquer became highly prized, especially for the U-shaped profile of its carved designs. The smooth, polished surface and the vibrant interplay of colors made tixi lacquer an appealing choice for both functional and decorative objects, ranging from boxes and trays to more elaborate ceremonial pieces.
Tixi lacquerware was not only valued for its aesthetic qualities but also for its durability and resistance to damage. Lacquer, derived from the sap of the lacquer tree, forms a hard, protective coating when dried. The multiple layers used in tixi lacquer, coupled with the skillful carving, produced objects that were both beautiful and long-lasting.
Tixi Lacquer in the Modern Era
Today, tixi lacquer continues to be admired for its intricate craftsmanship and historical significance. While the traditional methods of production are still practiced by artisans, tixi lacquer has also inspired contemporary interpretations and innovations. Museums and private collectors around the world seek out tixi lacquerware, recognizing its unique place in the history of Chinese decorative arts.
The legacy of tixi lacquer is not merely in the objects themselves but also in the way they embody the rich cultural and artistic heritage of China. Each piece of tixi lacquer is a testament to the skill, creativity, and deep symbolism that define Chinese craftsmanship, offering a window into the values and aesthetics of past dynasties.
Conclusion
Tixi lacquer, with its carved designs and vibrant colors, stands as a remarkable example of Chinese lacquer artistry. Its evolution from the Tang dynasty through the Song and Yuan periods highlights its enduring appeal and the high level of craftsmanship required to produce such intricate works. As both a functional and decorative art form, tixi lacquer continues to captivate and inspire, preserving the traditions of the past while offering new possibilities for the future.
